1. Start with a Situational Analysis

A situational analysis is the foundation of a credible NAP. It helps identify current strengths, weaknesses, risks, and gaps so that the plan responds to real national needs.

• Review existing policies, laws, and regulations
• Assess progress under previous plans
• Collect health and economic data
• Map infrastructure, laboratories, systems, and resources

2. Build Multisectoral Governance

Successful NAPs establish clear leadership structures, such as multisectoral steering committees and technical working groups. These bodies help define responsibilities and ensure coordination across sectors.

This governance is essential for a One Health approach linking human health, animal health, agriculture, and the environment.

3. Gather Evidence from Practice

Good plans are grounded not only in policy documents, but also in how systems function in practice. This means examining professional behaviour, service delivery, implementation barriers, and public awareness.

• Assess prescribing and dispensing practices
• Review adherence to technical guidance
• Conduct Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices surveys
• Identify weaknesses in regulation and implementation

4. Identify Gaps and Set Priorities

Evidence from the situational analysis should be synthesised into clear strategic priorities. Countries can use methods such as SWOT analysis, causal analysis, and risk assessment to decide what to address first and how.

This stage should also define SMART targets that are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound.

5. Translate Strategy into Operational Planning

A NAP becomes actionable when its strategic objectives are broken into operational plans with concrete activities, timelines, responsible institutions, and resource requirements.

• Define activities and sub-activities
• Assign institutional responsibilities
• Set timelines and milestones
• List personnel, equipment, travel, and support needs

6. Cost the Plan and Prepare for Implementation

Costing is essential because it shows what implementation will require and where funding gaps exist. A costed operational plan provides a practical basis for national budgeting, donor engagement, and resource mapping.

7. Monitor, Evaluate, and Adapt

A National Action Plan should be treated as a living framework. Monitoring and evaluation help track progress, assess effectiveness, and support strategic adjustments over time.

Regular review ensures that the plan remains useful, realistic, and responsive to emerging needs.